Lithium-ion batteries were first used in cardiac pacemakers. Their extremely low self-discharge rate and gradual discharge voltage allow implanted pacemakers to operate for extended periods without recharging. Lithium-ion batteries typically have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, making them more suitable as power sources for integrated circuits. Manganese dioxide batteries, on the other hand, are widely used in calculators, digital cameras, and watches.
To develop even higher-performance batteries, researchers have studied various materials, resulting in unprecedented products.
In 1992, Sony successfully developed the lithium-ion battery. Its practical application has significantly reduced the weight and size of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and calculators.
